Note that all of these things were tested only on turing. Some will
work on other computers, too, but many (especially latex and probably
also mule) require special software or fonts that are probably not
found on most computers. If you find any mistakes in the instructions
below, please send e-mail to sr@csli.stanford.edu

1. Reading Hebrew web pages in Unix Netscape:
   - use Netscape3 e.g. /usr/bin/X11/netscape3 on turing
     (it doesn't work with Netscape 4!)
   - in the Options menu select Document Encoding User-Defined
   - in the Options menu in the Font Preferences (under General 
     Preferences) select Encoding User-Defined and an iso8859-8 
     Font for both proportional and fixed fonts

2. Reading Hebrew with "emacs" in X:
   - in emacs do:
     meta-x set-default-font heb8x13 

3. Reading Hebrew in an X terminal window:
   - use "xterm -fn heb8x13 &" 
   - then you can "more" a file or use "lynx"
     Note that not all Hebrew web pages work with lynx because
     of some meta tags. You can try downloading the file with lynx,
     editing the offending meta tags, and lynxing the local copy.
     Meta tags to remove look like this:
     <META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1255">
     Instead add: 
     <meta charset="visual">

4. Editing Hebrew files with mule in X:
   - before you first use this, you have to make sure you have the right
     fonts in your *local* X installation, i.e. on the computer you
     are sitting in front of. Check this by doing:
     xlsfonts | grep etl
     and make sure you have
     -etl-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-140-72-72-c-70-iso8859-8
     -etl-fixed-medium-r-normal--16-160-72-72-c-80-iso8859-8
     -etl-fixed-medium-r-normal--24-240-72-72-c-120-iso8859-8
     If not, do 
     xset q 
     and see whether you have something like
     /usr/local/fonts/X11/ETL
     in your font path. If these fonts are on your computer you can
     add them to your font path by putting the line
     xset fp+ /usr/local/fonts/X11/ETL
     in your .xinitrc
     If you don't have these fonts, but do have a turing account, do
     cd /usr/local/X11/fonts/misc (or wherever "xset q" says your X fonts 
     are on your local computer)
     scp username@turing:/turing/local/fonts/X11/ETL/etl14-hebrew.bdf .
     scp username@turing:/turing/local/fonts/X11/ETL/etl16-hebrew.bdf .
     scp username@turing:/turing/local/fonts/X11/ETL/etl24-hebrew.bdf .
     bdftopcf etl14-hebrew.bdf > etl14-hebrew.pcf
     bdftopcf etl16-hebrew.bdf > etl16-hebrew.pcf
     bdftopcf etl24-hebrew.bdf > etl24-hebrew.pcf
     rm *-hebrew.bdf
     mkfontdir

     (I have done this without any problems on two computers, on a
     third the pcf files had to be gzipped for things to work, and
     on a fourth it's not working at all (probably bdftopcf needs
     a particular flag combination that I don't know...))
     
     If you don't have a turing account, you can find these .bdf files
     on various websites, too. Just search google.

   - If you see the etl fonts with xlsfonts now, things should work. Try
     mule -q
     ctrl-]
     meta-s hebrew
     meta-x visual-mode
     meta-x set-variable<cr>display-direction<cr>t

   - To make this easier for the future, create a .mule file containing:

     (set-primary-environment 'hebrew)
     (set-default-file-coding-system *ctext-hebrew*)
     (setq display-direction 't)

     and make an alias like this in your .cshrc:
     alias hebrewmule "mule -q -l ~/.mule \!* &"
 
   - To use once everything is in place:

     hebrewmule
     ctrl-]
     meta-s hebrew
     
     use "ctrl-]" to toggle between English and Hebrew input
     meta-z shows the keyboard mapping

5. Printing Hebrew files created with mule:
   m2ps < filename | lpr

6. Making Hebrew web pages:
   You can use mule to input the text, but the text has to be in
   left-to-right mode. That is, the text has to be the wrong way around
   when looking at it in mule, so that when looking at it in emacs, with
   "more", with lynx, or with web browsers it will look correct. I don't
   think there is a way to do this within mule (other than by actually
   typing backwards!) and
   meta-x set-variable<cr>display-direction<cr>t
   won't help, as it will only "show" you the text in the other direction
   but actually stores it in left-to-right fashion, and unfortunately
   it remembers this if you try to cut-and-paste.

   So the best thing I can think of doing is to type the Hebrew part
   of the web page separately (without any html in it) in mule, use
   a perl script like this:

   #!/usr/local/bin/perl
   #usage: reverse inputfile > outputfile

   $file = @ARGV[0];

   open(FILE,$file) ||
   die "Error opening file";

   while ( <FILE> ) {
   @letters=split //,;  
   print reverse @letters; 
   }

   to reverse the text, and then kill-and-yank or cut-and-paste it
   into the right places in the html file.

   You'll probably want to use 
   <P align="right">
   to get the text aligned correctly.

7. Writing Hebrew without vowels in latex on turing,
   make a .tex file that looks like this:
     
   \documentclass[12pt]{article}
   \usepackage{hebtex}
   \begin{document}
   \setcode{iso8859-8}     
   \sethebrew
   \novocalize
   \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.6}
   \ds
   \begin{RLtext}
   הנה מזכרת קטנה מהזמן שלנו ביחד.
   \end{RLtext}
   \end{document}

   You can use mule (see 4.) to input the Hebrew text, and latex will
   know how to "reverse" the direction.

   Instead of the font \ds (DeadSea) you can also use \jm (Jerusalem),
   \ta (Tel Aviv), \oj (Old Jaffa), \shlmold (Shalom Old),
   \shlmstk (Shalom Stick), or \shlmscr (Shalom Script).
   If you specify none of the above the font will be "classic".      

8. Writing Hebrew with vowels in latex on turing:
   Make a .tex file that looks like this:

   \documentclass[12pt]{article}
   \usepackage{hebtex}
   \begin{document}
   \setcode{standard}    
   \sethebrew
   \vocalize
   \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.2}
   \begin{RLtext}
   ha.sAgAh
   \end{RLtext}
   \end{document}

   Note that you do no have a choice of fonts for vowellized text.

   For information about how to encode the vowels, see 
   /turing/local/lib/texmf/arabtex/doc/hebrew.305

   If you want to switch between English and Hebrew, e.g. to make a
   vocabulary list, leave out the \sethebrew command at the beginning
   of the file and instead use it in the text when necessary. In fact,
   it's probably a good idea to make a "new command" for this:

   \documentclass[12pt]{article}
   \usepackage{hebtex}
   \newcommand{\hb}[1]{\RL{\sethebrew#1}}
   \begin{document}
   \setcode{standard}     
   \vocalize
   \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.2}
   \begin{tabular}{lr}
   show, play, presentation & \RL{\sethebrew ha.sAgAh} \\[2ex]
   trouble & \hb{.sArAh} \\[2ex]
   surprise & \hb{hap.itA`Ah } \\[2ex]
   partner, spouse & \hb{.b_en zUg} \\[2ex]
   expense, removal, publication & \hb{hO.sA'Ah} \\[2ex]
   \end{tabular}
   \end{document}